A written character or character representing a speech sound
and being a section of an alphabet. A written symbol or character used in the
graphic symbol of a word, such as the h in Thames. A written or printed
announcement directed to a person or society. Often letters A certified
document granting rights to its bearer. Literal meaning: had to adhere to the
letter of the law. Letters (used with a sing. verb) Literary culture; belles-letters.
Learning or acquaintance, especially of literature. Literature or writing as a
profession. Printing a portion of type that prints a single character. A
specific style of type. The characters in one style of type. An emblem in the
shape of the initial of a school awarded for outstanding performance, in
particular in varsity athletics. To write letters on: lettered the paper. To
write in letters: lettered our name on the mailbox. To write or form letters.
To earn a school letter, as for terrific athletic achievement: She lettered in
three unworldly sports. Synonyms: letter, epistle, memorandum, and communiqué,
note these nouns denote a written announcement directed to another: customary a
letter of complaint; the Epistles of the New Testament; a memorandum outlining
the attendance policy; a communiqué of comfort; a thank-you note. American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Published by
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt publish Company. All rights reserved. (Linguistics)
any of a set of straight cryptogram used in writing or printing a language,
each symbol being associated with a group of phonetic morals in the language;
character of the alphabet a written or printed communication addressed
to a person, company, etc, usually sent by post in an envelope. The letter the
harsh legalistic or pedantic interpretation of the meaning of an agreement,
document, etc; exact wording as discrete from actual intent (esp. in the phrase
the letter of the law). (Printing, Lithography & Bookbinding)
printing archaic a style of typeface: a fancy letter. Following the literal
interpretation or language exactly attendance to every detail to write or mark
letters on (a sign, etc), esp. by hand to set down or print using
letters a written or printed account addressed to a person or society
and usu. transmitted by mail. A temperament or character that is
predictably used in writing and printing to signify a dialogue sound and is
part of an alphabet. a piece of printing type bearing such a
symbol or character. A particular style of type. Often,
letters. A formal essay granting a right or privilege. Actual necessities or
wording; literal meaning, as distinct from obscure meaning or intent (opposed
to spirit): the letter of the law. Letters, (used with a sing. or pl. v.)
Literature in wide-ranging. The profession of literature. Learning;
data, esp. of prose. An emblem consisting of the initial or
monogram of a school, awarded to a student for accomplishment, esp. in
athletics. to mark or write with letters; inscribe. To earn a letter in a
school activity, esp. a sport. Word
Origin and History for letter c.1200, "graphic symbol, alphabetic sign,
written character," from Old French letter (10c., Modern French letter)
"character, letter; communiqué, note," in plural, "literature,
writing, learning," from Latin litter (also liter) "letter of the
alphabet," of uncertain origin, perhaps via Etruscan from Greek diphtheria
"tablet," with change of d- to l- as in lachrymose. In this sense it replaced Old English
bocstæf, accurately "book staff" (cf. German Buchstabe "letter,
character," Latin litter also meant "a writing, document,
record," and in plural litter "a letter, epistle," a sense first
attested in English early 13c., replacing Old English ærendgewrit, literally
"errand-writing." The Latin plural also meant "literature,
books," and figuratively "learning, liberal education, schooling"
(see letters ). School letter in
sports, attested by 1908, were said to have been first awarded by University of
Chicago football coach Amos Alonzo Stagg. Expression to the letter
"precisely" is from 1520s (earlier as after the letter).
Letter-perfect is from 1845, initially in theater jargon, in position, position
to an actor knowing the lines exactly. Letter-press, in location to matter printed
from relief surfaces, is from 1840. A vowel is a letter of the alphabet
(a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y) that represents a speech sound created by the
relatively free channel of breath through the larynx and oral cavity. Letters
that are not vowelsmarry, are consonants. As pointed out below, spoken English
has approximately 20 distinct vowel sounds,
though there are "In all vowels,
the mouth passage is unobstructed. If it is stymied at any time during
the production of a speech-sound, the resulting sound will be a consonant."(Charles Laurence Barber, the
English Language: A Historical Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2000) In written English, the 26 letters
of the alphabet comprise 5 vowels
and 21 consonants. In spoken English, there are 20 vowels and 24 consonants. It
is this discrepancy, of course, which underlies the complexity of English
spelling."(David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook Press, 2006)"How many
different vowels does English have? Well, it depends on your dialect. Standard
American English makes fewer vowel
distinctions than Standard Southern British English. For instance, many Southern British English
speaker make a three-way distinction between merry, marry, and Mary,
whereas for most Americans these all sound the same. Likewise, I pronounce cot
and caught, and coral and choral, differently, but for most Americans these word pairs are spoken
identically. In my accent of English, each of the following words is spoken
with a different vowel: pit, pet, pat, putt, put, pot, peat, pa, bought, boot,
pate, bite, quoits, and pout. That's
fourteen different vowels. Some English accents use fewer than this, and a few
dialects use even more. English, of whatever dialect, is rather extravagant in
the vowels it uses. Keeping them all separate is helped noticeably by using
different features of the swear afforded."
(James R. Harford, the Origins of Language. Oxford
University Press, 2014)the modify
which has become acknowledged as the Northern Cities Vowel Shift, which is
individual of the accents of
younger people (except for African Americans . . .), above all in cities such
as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland and Buffalo, . . . is a kind of circular
association of vowels which
represents one of the most spectacular changes ever to have taken place in the
history of the pronunciation
of English. In this change, the vowel of naught and all like words
(taught, law, fall etc.) is moving downwards to the position of gnat. The vowel
of gnat has caught; dramatically
altered its elocution to the kind of quality describe also for New York
City .The vowel of net, meanwhile, has moved in the course of nut,
which in turn has got out of the way by moving in the direction of
nougat, thus completing the circle."(Peter Trudge, Sociolinguistics: An
Introduction to Language and Society, 4th ed. Penguin, 2000) Vowels
were amazing else. He didn't like them and they didn't like him. There were
only five of them, but they seemed to be everywhere. Why, you could go through
twenty words without bumping into some of the shyer consonants, but it seemed
as if you couldn't tiptoe past a syllable
without waking up a vowel. Consonants, you knew beautiful much where you stood,
but you could never trust a vowel."(Jerry Spinally, Maniac Magee.
Little, Brown Books for Young Readers, 1990) Always
end the name of your child with a vowel,
so that when you yell the name will carry."
(Bill Cosby, Fatherhood. Doubleday, 1986) A gentleman entered the room of Dr. Barton, Warden of Merton College, and told him that Dr. Vowel was dead. 'What!' said he, 'Dr. Vowel dead? Well, thank heaven it was neither U nor I.'"(Gleanings from the Harvest-Fields of Literature, Science and Art: A Melange of Excerpt Humorous, and useful, ed. by Charles C. Tombaugh. T. Newton Kurtz, 1860), snooping, phonetically, it is easy to give definition: a vowel is any sound with no perceptible noise produced by limitation in the vocal tract, and consonant is a sound with audible noise produced by a constriction. However, this definition services us to identify as vowels many sounds which purpose as consonants in speech. For example, in the English word "yes", the original is phonetically a vowel according to the explanation above. In the phonological scheme of English, however, the is in a typical consonant position (compare "yes" with "mess", "less", "Tess" etc.). An explanation to this terminological intricacy, suggested by Pike, is to have two unlike distinctions, one strictly phonetic and the other based on function, or phonological criteria. For the phonetic distinction, Pike promoter using the words ovoid and connoted. A ovoid is defined as a "central oral resonant". It's central because not a lateral sound, like; oral because air passes from side to side the oral cavity; and reverberating because there is no constriction, so all the sound comes from the resonances in the oral tract resulting from the vibration of the vocal cords. Everything which is not a ovoid is a connoted. Thus, is a ovoid, is a ovoid, is a ovoid, [w] is a ovoid, but [l] is not; it is a connoted, as are [b], etc. These plants the terms "vowel" and "consonant" existing to be used as phonological terms. Generally, vowels are syllabic vicious. Thus, of the vicious above, and could be vowels, but and would not, as they are never syllabic. Consonants are conchoids which gist as syllable margins, and every now and then (in words like "lip", "lot", but not the closing segment in "little", where the is syllabic. This organization of vowels and consonants leaves two other shows potential classifications: monosyllabic vicious, syllabic conchoids, such as English syllabic and syllabic [n], or the syllabic fricative [s] in "suppose", or e.g. syllabic in Chinese "four”. Consonants and vowels are conventionally classified in two extents: place and manner of articulation. Place of articulation refers to the location of the narrowest part of the vocal tract in producing a sound. For example, for the consonant [b] the vocal tract is narrowest at the lips (in fact, it could not maybe any narrower here!). In vowels, the narrowest part of the vocal tract is usually in the middle of the mouth, in the region of the palate. "Manner of articulation" refers to various other things, together with whether the airflow is central or lateral, oral or nasal, retroflex or non-retroflex, the phonation type, and the degree of stricture. Children learn all the letters of the alphabet in the groundwork Stage (nursery and Reception years). This means they learn to look at a dispatch and then make its sound, but also to hear the sound of a letter and be able to write it down. In feedback children move onto schooling to read and write CVC words (consonant, vowel, consonant) such as cat, top, hit, nap. They then move on to read and write CCVC words such as trip, stop, and pram. They also learn CVCC words such as get the nearly all out of, lamp, and tusk. Children will also learn that sometimes two vowels are put in concert to make one sound, such as ea, i.e. which can be found in words such as rain, boot, read and pie. When two vowels are put together to make one sound, this is called a vowel digraph. They also learn that sometimes two consonants are put together to create one sound, which can be create in words such as bath, chip and mash. When two consonants are put together to make one sound, this is called a consonant digraph. Teachers may or may not make children aware of all the linguistic vocabulary in bold above. It is not unavoidably vital that they know this vocabulary or can define them: the most imperative thing is that they learn to read and write individual letters and words with assurance through thorough step-by-step phonics activities. Children moving up the school may notice certain things about vowels and consonants. For example, in English we rarely have three or more vowels together; beautiful, queue, liaise, quail, quiet, and squeal are some of the hardly any words that use this spelling pattern. Another thing children may notice is that each word in the English language contains a vowel. This is quite a useful thing to know when playing hangman: go for the vowels first! A consonant is a speech sound that's not a vowel. The sound of a consonant is produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the air stream by a constriction of the speech organs. In writing, a consonant is any letter of the alphabet except a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y.When two or more consonant sounds are obvious in succession without an intervening vowel (as in the words dream and bursts), the group is called a consonant blend or consonant cluster. In a consonant blend, the sound of each individual letter can be heard. By contrast, in a consonant digraph (as in the word phone), two following letters represent a single sound. In a phonetic description, we distinguish vowels from consonants in terms of how they are uttered in the vocal tract, and the associated patterns of aural energy."(David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook Press, 2006) Our B represents probably the same sound carried by the analogous letter in Near Eastern alphabets of 30 or 40 centuries ago. It is a consonant sound. Therefore, B is a consonant letter, the first in alphabetical progression of our 21. If asked at a dinner party to define the word 'consonant,' someone might project, 'Well, I know it's not a vowel . . .' and that actually is the best opening point. Whereas vowels are pronounced from the vocal cords with minimal shaping of expelled breath, consonant sounds are created through obstruction or channeling of the breath by the lips, teeth, tongue, throat, or nasal channel, variously collective. Some consonants, like B, involve the vocal cords; others don't. Some, like R or W, flow the breath in a way that steers them relatively close to being vowels."(David Sacks, Letter Perfect. Broadway Books, 2003The 24 usual consonants occur in the subsequent words, at the beginning unless otherwise specified: pale, tale, kale, bale, dale, gale, chain, Jane, fail, thin, sale, shale, hale, vale, this, zoo; (in the middle of) measure, mail, nail; (at the end of) sing, lay, rail, wail, Yale. Not one of these consonants is spelled in a completely steady way in English, and some of them are spelled very oddly and patchily indeed. Note that our alphabet has no single letters for spelling the consonants in chain, thin, shale, this, measure, and sing. Those letters that are frequently used for spelling looseanmisleading."Many consonants are just ways of beginning or ending vowels. This is chiefly true of consonants such as b, d, ɡ, each of which has a rapid movement of the lips or tongue before or after another sound such as a vowel. They are called stop consonants because the air in the vocal tract is completely stopped at some point. When forming a b in a word such as bib, the lips are firmly closed at the origination and end of the word. In the case of d as in did it is the tip of the tongue that blocks the vocal tract by form a closure just at the back the upper front teeth. For g as in gag, the back of the tongue is raised to make a closure against the roof of the mouth. Lost Consonants is a text and picture word play series which illustrate a sentence from which a vital letter has been uninvolved, altering its meaning. Welcome to a world where children have propensity difficulty and youth can become addicted to rugs; where firemen wear fame-resistant clothing, and footballers get camp in their legs; where dogs start baking and horses start catering, and where, after quite a lot of days without water, everyone is really thirty."
(Bill Cosby, Fatherhood. Doubleday, 1986) A gentleman entered the room of Dr. Barton, Warden of Merton College, and told him that Dr. Vowel was dead. 'What!' said he, 'Dr. Vowel dead? Well, thank heaven it was neither U nor I.'"(Gleanings from the Harvest-Fields of Literature, Science and Art: A Melange of Excerpt Humorous, and useful, ed. by Charles C. Tombaugh. T. Newton Kurtz, 1860), snooping, phonetically, it is easy to give definition: a vowel is any sound with no perceptible noise produced by limitation in the vocal tract, and consonant is a sound with audible noise produced by a constriction. However, this definition services us to identify as vowels many sounds which purpose as consonants in speech. For example, in the English word "yes", the original is phonetically a vowel according to the explanation above. In the phonological scheme of English, however, the is in a typical consonant position (compare "yes" with "mess", "less", "Tess" etc.). An explanation to this terminological intricacy, suggested by Pike, is to have two unlike distinctions, one strictly phonetic and the other based on function, or phonological criteria. For the phonetic distinction, Pike promoter using the words ovoid and connoted. A ovoid is defined as a "central oral resonant". It's central because not a lateral sound, like; oral because air passes from side to side the oral cavity; and reverberating because there is no constriction, so all the sound comes from the resonances in the oral tract resulting from the vibration of the vocal cords. Everything which is not a ovoid is a connoted. Thus, is a ovoid, is a ovoid, is a ovoid, [w] is a ovoid, but [l] is not; it is a connoted, as are [b], etc. These plants the terms "vowel" and "consonant" existing to be used as phonological terms. Generally, vowels are syllabic vicious. Thus, of the vicious above, and could be vowels, but and would not, as they are never syllabic. Consonants are conchoids which gist as syllable margins, and every now and then (in words like "lip", "lot", but not the closing segment in "little", where the is syllabic. This organization of vowels and consonants leaves two other shows potential classifications: monosyllabic vicious, syllabic conchoids, such as English syllabic and syllabic [n], or the syllabic fricative [s] in "suppose", or e.g. syllabic in Chinese "four”. Consonants and vowels are conventionally classified in two extents: place and manner of articulation. Place of articulation refers to the location of the narrowest part of the vocal tract in producing a sound. For example, for the consonant [b] the vocal tract is narrowest at the lips (in fact, it could not maybe any narrower here!). In vowels, the narrowest part of the vocal tract is usually in the middle of the mouth, in the region of the palate. "Manner of articulation" refers to various other things, together with whether the airflow is central or lateral, oral or nasal, retroflex or non-retroflex, the phonation type, and the degree of stricture. Children learn all the letters of the alphabet in the groundwork Stage (nursery and Reception years). This means they learn to look at a dispatch and then make its sound, but also to hear the sound of a letter and be able to write it down. In feedback children move onto schooling to read and write CVC words (consonant, vowel, consonant) such as cat, top, hit, nap. They then move on to read and write CCVC words such as trip, stop, and pram. They also learn CVCC words such as get the nearly all out of, lamp, and tusk. Children will also learn that sometimes two vowels are put in concert to make one sound, such as ea, i.e. which can be found in words such as rain, boot, read and pie. When two vowels are put together to make one sound, this is called a vowel digraph. They also learn that sometimes two consonants are put together to create one sound, which can be create in words such as bath, chip and mash. When two consonants are put together to make one sound, this is called a consonant digraph. Teachers may or may not make children aware of all the linguistic vocabulary in bold above. It is not unavoidably vital that they know this vocabulary or can define them: the most imperative thing is that they learn to read and write individual letters and words with assurance through thorough step-by-step phonics activities. Children moving up the school may notice certain things about vowels and consonants. For example, in English we rarely have three or more vowels together; beautiful, queue, liaise, quail, quiet, and squeal are some of the hardly any words that use this spelling pattern. Another thing children may notice is that each word in the English language contains a vowel. This is quite a useful thing to know when playing hangman: go for the vowels first! A consonant is a speech sound that's not a vowel. The sound of a consonant is produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the air stream by a constriction of the speech organs. In writing, a consonant is any letter of the alphabet except a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y.When two or more consonant sounds are obvious in succession without an intervening vowel (as in the words dream and bursts), the group is called a consonant blend or consonant cluster. In a consonant blend, the sound of each individual letter can be heard. By contrast, in a consonant digraph (as in the word phone), two following letters represent a single sound. In a phonetic description, we distinguish vowels from consonants in terms of how they are uttered in the vocal tract, and the associated patterns of aural energy."(David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook Press, 2006) Our B represents probably the same sound carried by the analogous letter in Near Eastern alphabets of 30 or 40 centuries ago. It is a consonant sound. Therefore, B is a consonant letter, the first in alphabetical progression of our 21. If asked at a dinner party to define the word 'consonant,' someone might project, 'Well, I know it's not a vowel . . .' and that actually is the best opening point. Whereas vowels are pronounced from the vocal cords with minimal shaping of expelled breath, consonant sounds are created through obstruction or channeling of the breath by the lips, teeth, tongue, throat, or nasal channel, variously collective. Some consonants, like B, involve the vocal cords; others don't. Some, like R or W, flow the breath in a way that steers them relatively close to being vowels."(David Sacks, Letter Perfect. Broadway Books, 2003The 24 usual consonants occur in the subsequent words, at the beginning unless otherwise specified: pale, tale, kale, bale, dale, gale, chain, Jane, fail, thin, sale, shale, hale, vale, this, zoo; (in the middle of) measure, mail, nail; (at the end of) sing, lay, rail, wail, Yale. Not one of these consonants is spelled in a completely steady way in English, and some of them are spelled very oddly and patchily indeed. Note that our alphabet has no single letters for spelling the consonants in chain, thin, shale, this, measure, and sing. Those letters that are frequently used for spelling looseanmisleading."Many consonants are just ways of beginning or ending vowels. This is chiefly true of consonants such as b, d, ɡ, each of which has a rapid movement of the lips or tongue before or after another sound such as a vowel. They are called stop consonants because the air in the vocal tract is completely stopped at some point. When forming a b in a word such as bib, the lips are firmly closed at the origination and end of the word. In the case of d as in did it is the tip of the tongue that blocks the vocal tract by form a closure just at the back the upper front teeth. For g as in gag, the back of the tongue is raised to make a closure against the roof of the mouth. Lost Consonants is a text and picture word play series which illustrate a sentence from which a vital letter has been uninvolved, altering its meaning. Welcome to a world where children have propensity difficulty and youth can become addicted to rugs; where firemen wear fame-resistant clothing, and footballers get camp in their legs; where dogs start baking and horses start catering, and where, after quite a lot of days without water, everyone is really thirty."
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